If you have ever seen intricate, geometric diagrams drawn on the ground during a ceremony in Haiti, you have witnessed a vèvè (or veve). Far from being mere “mysterious symbols” or decoration, these drawings are the central spiritual beacons of Haitian Vodou.
In this guide, we will explore what veves actually are, how they are created, and the specific meanings behind the symbols for the most important Lwa (spirits).
What is a Veve?
A veve is a religious symbol used in Haitian Vodou to call forth a specific Lwa (spirit). Think of it as a spiritual address or a landing strip; it creates a sacred space where the spirit is invited to manifest.
These symbols are impermanent. They are drawn on the floor of the peristil (temple) by the Houngan (priest) or Mambo (priestess) using powder. While cornmeal is the most common material, other substances are used depending on the spirit:
- Cornmeal: Used for most Rada spirits (benevolent, cool spirits).
- Ash or Coffee Grounds: Often used for Guédé spirits (spirits of death/ancestors).
- Gunpowder: Sometimes used for Petro spirits (fiery, hot spirits).
10 Common Veves and Their Meanings
Each Lwa has its own distinct veve. These designs are not random; every curve, cross, and geometric shape tells a story about who that spirit is and what they control. Here are ten of the most recognizable symbols in Haitian Vodou.
1. Papa Legba: The Gatekeeper
The Symbol: A cross intersecting a vertical line, often featuring a cane or crutch.
Meaning: Papa Legba is the guardian of the crossroads and the opener of gates. No ceremony can begin without saluting him first, as he translates human language for the spirits. His veve represents the intersection between the material and spiritual worlds.
2. Baron Samedi: Lord of the Cemetery
The Symbol: A cross standing upon a coffin or tomb, sometimes flanked by sunglasses or skeletal imagery.
Meaning: The head of the Guédé family, Baron Samedi governs death, regeneration, and ancestry. His veve is a stark reminder of the grave, but also of the protection he offers to the living against premature death.
3. Erzulie Freda: The Spirit of Love
The Symbol: A heart, often detailed with intricate lace-like patterns, mirrors, or bars.
Meaning: Erzulie Freda represents romantic love, beauty, and luxury. Her veve reflects her femininity and her demand for perfection and cleanliness.
4. Damballah Wedo: The Sky Father
The Symbol: Two snakes (Damballah and his companion Ayida Wedo) arching around a central pole or an egg.
Meaning: Damballah is the primordial creator, represented by the serpent. His veve symbolizes wisdom, peace, and the connection between heaven and earth.
5. Ogou Feray: The Warrior
The Symbol: Iron, swords, or machetes stuck into the earth.
Meaning: Ogou is the spirit of iron, war, and technology. His symbol represents strength, defense, and the fire of transformation.
6. Agwé: Ruler of the Seas
The Symbol: A boat (the “Imamou”), often with oars, sails, or fish.
Meaning: Agwé protects sailors and rules the ocean. His veve is a literal depiction of his domain—the sea—and safe passage.
7. Cousin Zaka: The Farmer
The Symbol: A macoute (straw bag), a pipe, or agricultural tools.
Meaning: Azaka presides over agriculture and the harvest. His veve is grounded and simple, representing hard work and the fruits of the land.
8. Lasirèn: The Mermaid
The Symbol: A mermaid figure, a comb, or a mirror.
Meaning: Often linked with Agwé, Lasirèn represents the mysteries of the deep ocean, music, and intuition.
9. Ezili Dantor: The Protector Mother
The Symbol: A heart pierced by a dagger.
Meaning: Unlike the soft romance of Freda, Dantor is the fierce, protective mother. Her veve represents sacrifice, maternal strength, and the defense of her children.
10. Simbi: The Water Snake
The Symbol: A serpent, distinct from Damballah, often shown in a curling or rushing water pattern.
Meaning: Simbi is the master of fresh water and communication. He is often associated with magic and the transmission of knowledge.
The Ritual Context: More Than Art
It is important to understand that a veve is not “art” in the Western sense. It is a functional tool. During a ceremony:
- Creation: The Houngan draws the veve by hand, sprinkling powder between his fingers with incredible speed and accuracy.
- Activation: Offerings (food, drink, perfume) are placed directly on or around the veve.
- Erasure: As the dancers move and the spirits arrive, they often dance directly upon the veve, scattering the powder. By the end of the ceremony, the image is gone.
A Note on Tattoos and Design
Because veves are visually striking, they have become popular in modern graphic design and tattoos. However, cultural context matters. In Vodou, these are sacred addresses for spirits. Wearing a permanent veve (like a tattoo) is seen by practitioners as permanently inviting that spirit into your life.
If you are interested in Vodou symbology, approach it with the respect due to a living religion. Understanding the meaning behind the drawing is the first step toward appreciating the rich history of Haiti.
